| Chinthu | Kupanga | Kuponya |
| Ndondomeko | Kupangira ndi njira yomwe kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira zinthu kuti chitsulo chikhale chopanda kanthu kumabweretsa kusintha kwa pulasitiki, kuti pakhale mawonekedwe enaake a makina, mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake. Kupangira zinthu kumatha kuchotsa zolakwika zomwe zimatayidwa ndi chitsulo mu njira yosungunulira, kukonza kapangidwe kake, kusunga kuyenda kwa chitsulo chonse, kotero mawonekedwe a makina opangira zinthu nthawi zambiri amakhala abwino kuposa kupangira zinthu zomwezo. Mbali zambiri zofunika za makina zomwe zimafuna katundu wambiri komanso magwiridwe antchito ovuta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu. | Kuponya ndi njira yomwe imayika chitsulo chamadzimadzi mu dzenje loponyera, pambuyo poziziritsa ndi kulimba kuti mupeze ziwalo zofunika. |
| Zinthu Zofunika | Zipangizo zopangira zinthu zimagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri chitsulo chozungulira, chitsulo cha sikweya. Pali chitsulo cha kaboni, chitsulo cha alloy, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri komanso chitsulo china chosakhala ndi chitsulo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo osiyanasiyana komanso m'makampani olondola. | Kuponyera nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo choyera, chitsulo chosungunuka, chitsulo chosungunuka, ndi "chitsulo chosungunuka." Chitsulo chosakanikirana chopanda chitsulo: mkuwa, mkuwa wa tin, mkuwa wa wuxi, aloyi ya aluminiyamu etc. | Pansi pa mkhalidwe wofanana, forgingmetal imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pamakina, pomwe kuponyera kumakhala bwino kwambiri pakuumba. |
| Kuwoneka | Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni kwa chitsulo chopangira zinthu panthawi ya kutentha kwambiri kumayambitsa kylin pang'ono pamwamba pa mano a chidebe chopangira zinthu. Komanso popeza chidebecho chimapangidwa ndi kuumba, pambuyo pochotsa malo olowera mu chidebecho, pamakhala mzere wolekanitsa mano a chidebe chopangira zinthu. | Pamwamba pa mano a chidebe choponyera pali mchenga ndi chitoliro choponyera. |
| Katundu wa Makina | Kupangira zinthu kungatsimikizire kuti ulusi wachitsulo umakhalabe wosasunthika, ndikusunga kuyenda bwino kwachitsulo, kuonetsetsa kuti mano a chidebecho ndi abwino komanso kuti mano a chidebecho azikhala nthawi yayitali, ndipo njira yopangira zinthuyo ndi yosayerekezeka. | Poyerekeza ndi ziwalo zoponyera, kapangidwe ka chitsulo ndi mawonekedwe ake amatha kukonzedwanso pambuyo popangira. Kapangidwe kake ka kuponyera pambuyo popangira kusintha kwa kutentha, kristalo woyambirira wokulirapo ndi tirigu wa columnar amasanduka tirigu wabwino, ndi kapangidwe ka isometric recystallization kofanana, kulola kapangidwe ka kugawanika koyambirira mkati mwa ingot, osteoporosis, porosity slag inclusion ndi zina zocheperako kuti zikhale pafupi kwambiri, motero zimathandizira kuti chitsulo chikhale cholimba komanso mawonekedwe ake a makina.
Kupangira ndi kupeza mawonekedwe ofunikira pokanikiza chitsulo kudzera mu pulasitiki, nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito nyundo kapena kupanikizika. Njira yopangira imapereka kapangidwe kabwino ka granular, ndipo imawongolera mawonekedwe a chitsulo, pogwiritsa ntchito bwino, kapangidwe koyenera kangatsimikizire kuti tirigu ukuyenda bwino kupita ku mphamvu yayikulu. Ngakhale kupangira ndiko kupeza zinthu zopangira chitsulo kudzera munjira zosiyanasiyana zopangira, ndiko kuti, kuyika chitsulo chamadzimadzi mu nkhungu yokonzedwa kuti chipeze mawonekedwe enaake, kukula ndi mawonekedwe, mwa kusungunula, kuponyera, jekeseni kapena njira ina yopangira, ndikugwedeza pambuyo poziziritsa, kuyeretsa ndi kukonza komaliza. |
